Different historical conflicting situations reveal how the leadership systems and individual personalities, characters, and egos contributed to the outbreak of wars. It happened during the World Wars, the Cold War,…
An intricate web of diplomatic grey areas is prevalent within international organizations; accountability and transparency are words frequently floating around in the discussion of international relations. This paper focuses on…
Since independence, many Sub-Saharan African states have witnessed civil wars, mass killings, and other direct political violence. Local, regional, and global efforts have been produced on different occasions to resolve these…
Comprehensive sanctions, including arms embargoes, diplomatic isolation, and trade restrictions, are a central coercive policy designed to force member states that violate international law into compliance. The purpose of sanctions…
The conflict between the Government of Indonesia (GOI) and the people of West Papua began in 1961 when the GOI declared "Operasi Trikora" (Three peoples command operations) to invade West…
With the disintegration of the USSR the new post-Soviet states have faced multiple challenges of re-building state institutions, integrating heterogeneous populations and consolidating new national identities. Collective memories and mnemonic…