Gender Differences in Communication

How to cite this journal: Author, Date of the post, WMO Conflict Insight, Title of the post, ISSN: 2628 6998, https://worldmediation.org/journal/

ABSTRACT *

This article introduces elder and adult care mediation as a timely response to the family conflicts that accompany an aging population, such as disputes over driving safety, financial management, assisted living and nursing home care. Drawing on typical cases from an eldercare mediation practice in Texas, the author explains how mediation differs from negotiation, arbitration and litigation, and why it is particularly suited to family disputes in which relationships must continue after the conflict. The article identifies five features that distinguish elder care mediation from other family mediations, including the direct participation of the elder, flexible venues and formats, and the goal of strengthening rather than fracturing family communication. Practical guidance is offered on costs, guardianship pre conferences, and the training and certification a qualified elder care mediator should hold, together with a caution that the absence of formal licensing requires families to select mediators carefully.

KEYWORDS *

Elder care mediation, adult care mediation, aging, family conflict, guardianship, Alternative Dispute Resolution, confidentiality, mediator certification, Texas, family communication

INTRODUCTION

With the population aging at an unprecedented rate, families are more frequently encountering strained situations about how to best care for a loved one who no longer is able to drive, live alone, requires assistance with daily living, or requires a new level of medical care. Even in the best of families, communication can shut down or never open up to quality decision-making.

“My brother has been handling mom’s money the past two years, but my sisters and I think that he is using mom’s money for his benefit. How do we find out? Can you help us?”

“My father is 92 and still wants to drive. He can hardly see over the wheel. Every time my siblings and I bring up the matter, dad screams that it is none of our business. However, it will be our business if he gets killed or he kills someone else with his car. What can we do?”

“My mom needs assisted living, but won’t leave her house. How can we convince her?”

“My parent is in a nursing home and isn’t getting medications on time and has developed new health issues. The administrator told me that I’m crazy. I want to sue them. Can you help?”

These are typical calls to my eldercare mediation practice. These family dramas need immediate resolution, not a lawsuit that could possibly take years. Mediation is an opportunity to provide families guidance and timely assistance in having a quality conversation that can address, negotiate, and resolve issues related to aging and family communication.

MAIN CORPUS

What are elder and adult care mediation?

Mediation has been recognized in Texas and nationally for over twenty years. In the past few years, most cases that go to family and probate courts are requested by the judge to be mediated first. Mediation is an informal, confidential process held in a private setting in which a neutral third party, a mediator, helps people to better understand their individual interests and needs. An experienced, certified mediator can empower families to recognize and implement workable solutions to their problem(s).

Mediation is different than other alternative dispute resolution processes in the following ways. The basic idea behind mediation is that a dispute is resolved through an agreement among the parties, instead of a resolution mandated by a judge or negotiated by attorneys. First of all, the parties establish their own outcome, so the result fits their cultural expectations, needs, and family nuances. It provides an opportunity for a win-win outcome: There doesn’t need to be a winner and a loser. Negotiation involves a third party that physically separates the contending parties and shuttles ideas between them. Arbitration uses one or more third-party neutrals that hear the facts and make a decision on how to resolve the conflict for the parties like a judge might. Litigation is far more expensive and time-consuming than mediation and involves a judge who makes the final decisions for the parties with the aid of attorneys representing the involved parties.

In mediation, whether it is voluntary or court-ordered, the parties might, or might not, be represented by attorneys. Usually, parties attend mediation without an attorney, if they even have hired an attorney. Then, if an attorney attends the mediation, their role is of advisor, not as a direct participant in the conversation. Mediation is a process for the parties to talk to each other and to make decisions that will work for them. The mediation is confidential in either case and the mediator does not impose or make decisions for the parties or offer legal advice. Using mediation as a means of discovery is forbidden.

The mediation process has several advantages. The main advantage is that the parties retain control over the decision(s) they choose to agree to in writing. Also, results are generally win-win because outcomes fit the needs and interests of the opposing individuals or family. Because the outcomes also reflect the party’s choices and priorities, in turn, there is a higher level of compliance with the written agreement than with court judgments.

Why is Elder Care Mediation Different from Other Family Mediations?

First of all, in elder care mediation, the issue involves the care, safety, and comfort of someone over 50, although usually much older. End-of-life issues are not hidden. There have been cases that the “senior” was under 50 years old but impaired by a stroke, heart problems, or early dementia.

Second, the case usually is initiated by the children of the senior. The scenario is that the kids see a downward spiral in their family’s communication, or new communication skills need to be established. End-of-life decisions are unchartered territory for most families.

Third, the mediation might not take place in a business office. It is not uncommon for eldercare mediators to convene the mediation in a long-term care facility or the family living room. Some elder care mediations are held at the family dinner table with favorite foods on hand. Sometimes the elder might be in bedclothes.

Fourth, flexibility is a key to a successful mediation. The children might be in different parts of the country, so video cams, conference calls, and email might be tools for communication during the mediation. Mediations can also be held in the evening and on weekends to accommodate family schedules and to lessen the burden on parties.

And, fifth, but by no means conclusive, elder care mediation’s goal in finding resolution embraces strengthening family communication, not pitting one family member against the other.

Since elder care mediation involves working through the established patterns and dynamics of a family, the mediator eases communication among family members for whom the elder-care dispute may reopen decades of old wounds and, often, dysfunctional communication. All family members have roles, postures, and personal issues that have developed over lifetimes. A qualified mediator helps to bring out the best in everyone. Sometimes an apology may be all that is needed for resolution. Forgiveness, complemented with new ways of listening and understanding, maybe the fruits of the mediation.

In eldercare mediation, the elder is strongly encouraged to participate. Their opinions, needs, and interests are heard directly. The children don’t talk about their parents; they learn to communicate with their parents.

Pre-conferences for guardianship are also included under elder and adult mediation. Mediation allows award or potential ward to possibly participate in arrangements that allow for maximizing independence or as an alternative to guardianship.

The cost of mediation over litigation is also convenient in dollars, as well as in time. Mediations can be scheduled within hours or days. Court cases take weeks, months, or, unfortunately, sometimes years. Sometimes, the elder person doesn’t have time on their side, so the immediate implementation of mediation is important.

Every mediator has their own price structure, but, on average, the cost is between $300 to $500 dollars per hour. Manousso Mediation in Houston, Texas, charges $300 per hour, which is divided by all the parties, although very often, the parent pays the hourly fee for the family. There is also a pre-conference meeting on the process, billed at $150 per hour. Many eldercare mediations are multi-party and require facilitation and negotiation before the actual mediation. A spouse, children’s spouses, grandchildren, neighbors, friends, caregivers, physicians, nursing home administrators, and tax consultants might also be in attendance or need to be included somewhere in the process. In general, the cost would be a fraction of a legal battle tied up in litigation. Costs are usually under $2,000. Some employee assistance programs (EAP) share or cover the costs.

Finding a Mediator

Since elder care mediation is relatively new as a genre, there is a small national pool of qualified mediators well versed in aging issues, but the field is growing steadily. Family mediators generally have been those who have been working with Children’s Protective Services and handling divorces. However, adult and elder care mediation needs a different orientation with depth and scope into family issues with community senior resources.

An eldercare mediator should have completed the state’s 40 hours certification course in basic mediation, a 24 hours course in family mediation, and a 24 hours course in elder care mediation. In addition to this core training, the mediator should have practice hours in mediation, in general, and involvement in professional organizations with advanced mediation training in guardianship and elder issues. Some Texas courts, since 2007, will only appoint elder and adult mediators who are Nationally Registered Guardians. Pursuant to Texas Government Code sections 111.002 and 111.042c, the Court adopted the rules governing the certification of guardians. Even if the mediator does not act as a guardian, through the certification process, the court is assured that the mediator is familiar with aging and guardianship issues.

Unfortunately, anyone can hang out a shingle and hold themselves out as a mediator, since there is no formal licensing. A lawyer is not automatically a mediator. Mediation is a profession in its own right, so a lawyer would need certification and mediation training in addition to law school unless the certification hours were earned in the course of their legal studies. Therefore, as a precaution, a mediator should be selected from a rooster that only uses well-trained and professional mediators. Ask questions. Review resumes.

Elder and Adult Care Mediators should have 40 hours of basic mediation training that includes cultural diversity, psychology, theory of mediation, mediation skills to implement a successful process, and opportunities to practice those skills in role plays. In most parts of the country, thirty hours of family mediation training that informs on family dynamics, family laws, and the special skills needed in family cases where familiarity heats the conflicts to a higher degree than relationships in civil cases. Then, there is a minimum of 20 to 24 more hours in issues related to aging and physiology of aged. All three courses have advanced ethical considerations for the genre addressed. These three courses are the minimum requirements for elder and adult care mediators worldwide.

SUMMARY *

Elder and adult care mediation offers families a confidential, flexible and affordable process for resolving the disputes that arise around aging, from finances and driving safety to housing and medical care. Its distinguishing features are the direct participation of the elder, adaptable venues and formats, a focus on repairing family communication rather than assigning blame, and outcomes that the parties design themselves, which leads to higher compliance than court imposed judgments. Because the field is young and mediators are not formally licensed, careful selection of a properly trained and certified mediator remains essential.

CONCLUSION

In Texas and recognized nationally, Manousso Mediation provides training courses in elder care mediation and basic and family mediation certification. Barbara Sunderland Manousso is a popular speaker and international lecturer on Elder Care Mediation: The New Horizon in Family Practice.

Manousso Mediation training and workshops meet the requirements for continuing education for lawyers, psychologists, social workers, nurses, hospice workers, and other professionals. Eldercare mediation training could also provide paralegals with valuable insight and resources to complement their profession.

POTENTIAL SOLUTION *

The conflicts described in this article share one structural root: decisions about an aging person are increasingly made about that person rather than with that person, while adult children carry old family patterns into a new and frightening situation. A neutral resolution path can be built on four elements.

First, place the elder at the center of the process from the outset. Whatever the topic, finances, driving, housing or medical care, the elder participates directly wherever capacity allows, and the guiding question of every session is which arrangement preserves the maximum of the elder’s autonomy consistent with safety. This reframes the dispute from “convincing” a parent to jointly designing the least restrictive workable option.

Second, replace accusations with neutral facts before positions harden. Where children suspect financial misuse, the family can agree in mediation on voluntary transparency, for example a shared review of accounts by an independent professional, before anyone alleges wrongdoing. Where driving is contested, an independent driving and vision assessment provides an objective basis that no family member has to argue for personally. Neutral information converts a loyalty conflict into a solvable problem.

Third, agree on a graduated decision ladder. Families commit in writing to a sequence: regular family council conversations as the normal forum, facilitated mediation when the council stalls, and court proceedings such as guardianship only as a last resort after mediated alternatives, including supported decision making and partial arrangements, have been documented and tried. This ladder protects relationships, keeps costs low and satisfies courts that less restrictive options were genuinely explored.

Fourth, build in review and safeguarding. Every mediated agreement on elder care should carry a fixed review date, since capacity and needs change, and a clear safeguarding clause: if concrete indications of abuse, neglect or exploitation arise, protective authorities are involved without delay, because mediation presupposes safety and cannot substitute for protection.

Handled this way, the typical calls quoted at the beginning of the article, the finances, the car keys, the move to assisted living, the nursing home complaint, become entry points into a structured family process rather than opening moves in litigation.

* Added by the WMO Editorial Team

REFERENCES *

1. Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Chapter 154 (Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures), State of Texas, 1987.
2. Texas Government Code, Sections 111.002 and 111.042 (certification of guardians), State of Texas.
3. Uniform Mediation Act (2001), National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, United States.
4. Radford, M. F. (2002). Is the Use of Mediation Appropriate in Adult Guardianship Cases? Stetson Law Review, 31, 611.
5. Grant, J. (1999). Guardianship Mediation. Marquette Elder’s Advisor, Vol. 1, Issue 2, Article 7.
6. McCann Beranger, J. (2013). Exploring the Role of Elder Mediation in the Prevention of Elder Abuse. Department of Justice Canada, Ottawa.
7. Association for Conflict Resolution, Elder Decision Making and Conflict Resolution Section, Washington, D.C.
8. National Guardianship Association, Standards of Practice, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania.